"Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration."
Thomas Edison
Edison was an inventor known for his influence,his intelligence and,most importantly,his perseverance.During his lifetime more than a thousand American patents were granted on work of his own or of teams under his supervision.Three of his inventionsthe phonograph,a practical incandescent light and electric system,and a moving picture camerahelped found giant industries that were to change the life and leisure of the world.In other areas Edison managed to affect over twenty industries including the military,medical fields (with his fluoroscope),the stock market and mining.Following is a short biography and a timeline of his greatest accomplishments.
Inspiring Childhood.Thomas Edison,the youngest of seven children,was born in Milan,Ohio,on February 11,1847,to Samuel and Nancy Edison.Home schooled and an avid reader,Edison began his scientific experiments at the age of ten when he built a laboratory in the basement of his house stocked with chemicals he either bought or found in the town dump.Edison's early experimentation was almost stopped when his mother became tired of bad odors and fumes filling the house.
The Tramp Telegrapher.Edison left the laboratory behind for a career as a "candy butcher" on the Grand Trunk Railway in 1859,selling candy,dried fruit,snacks and newspapers.Three years later he made history when he began to publish his own newspaper,the Weekly Herald,aboard the train.The first newspaper to be published aboard a moving train,the Weekly Herald,was printed on a secondhand printing press Edison set up in the baggage car of the train.In 1863,he began his first career as a "tramp telegrapher," going from place to place including Ontario,Cincinatti and Nashville,offering his skills as a telegrapher.He finally settled in Boston,working the New York wire for Western Union.
Learning to be Practical.It was in Boston that Edison began experimenting in a more professional way than ever before,first studying Michael Farady's writings on electricity.His first patent in 1868,was a vote recorder which sped up,through electrical messages,the counting of votes for assemblies and meetings.Finding no buyer for his first invention,he formed a policy to never attempt to invent anything unless he was sure there was a commercial demand for it.His next invention demonstrated his commitment to this ideal,a stock ticker that would bring brokers Wall Street quotations more quickly.
Pure Science Experiments.With two notable exceptions,Edison rarely dabbled in anything other than the practical application of principles and scientific theories.In 1875,while working on a theory of electromagnets and telegraphy,Edison discovered a type of energy between electromagnetism and heat and light.Named "etheric force," this discovery revealed the existence of the electromagnetic wave and prompted the invention of the radio in the 1890's.The second time was with his discovery of the "Edison Effect," the basis for the whole field of electronics.Edison discovered that a valve could be created for an electronic current by inserting a metal plate within the filament of an electric light bulb.
The Menlo Park Laboratory.Edison's laboratory at Menlo Park,New Jersey became the first of its kind,the original organized technical research laboratory,with its research "team." Inventions that came out of this new research include the mimeograph machine,the phonograph,the light bulb,and many others.
First of the Great Inventions The phonograph,the light bulb and the motion picture camera have long been considered Edison's greatest inventions.The phonograph,the first of these inventions,was developed after Edison began work on improving Alexander Graham Bell's telephone.Edison believed that the phonograph (which has changed very little from its original design) was his greatest invention.Interestingly enough,the phonograph is the only invention for which Edison can claim sole ownership.
Early Movie Business.Other inventors were experimenting with the motion-picture camera when,in 1891,Edison came up with the practical movie camera,or the Kinetograph ("moving writing"),and a projector,the Kinetoscope ("moving view"),to show his movies.The first movie studio built in 1893,was his Black Maria at West Orange,New Jersey.Edison,who had been working unsuccessfully on "talkies" by combining the phonograph and the camera,left the motion picture business when the industry started to turn away from the educational purpose he saw for it and towards entertainment.Edison was quoted as saying " A good many people seemed to wonder why I did so [quit the movie business] ? maybe they still wonder.But the answer is simple enough.I was an inventor ? an experimenter.I wasn't a theatrical producer.And I had no ambitions to become one." Incidentally,movie audiences would not hear the human voice on film until 1927 with Al Jolson's The Jazz Singer.
The Light Bulb.Edison is quoted as saying it would take a matter of a few weeks to invent the bulb.In reality,it would take him almost two years of failed attempts,new discoveries and prototypes before he would find success.It is said he tried over 6,000 different carbonized plant fibers,looking for a carbon filament for his light bulb.By concentrating and inventing a whole lighting system rather than just a single light bulb,Edison succeeded where others had failed.Edison chose to look at the big picture and created a lighting system including wiring,plugs,connectors,etc.,to operate more than one light bulb at once.Fighting other inventors in courts from England to America,Edison struggled for years to claim his rightful title of inventor of the light bulb,possibly his most popular invention.
Military Inventions of the War Years!During World War I,Edison became the head of the Naval Consulting Board,and for three years he worked on inventions to help the U.S.Navy.Working on antisubmarine tactics,Edison worked to combat the Germans in the Atlantic wars.His inventions included devices that could detect torpedoes as soon as they were fired,a loud-speaking telephone so that a conversation could be carried on in the middle of a battle,and a glare eliminator to make it possible for ships to see periscopes with the bright sunlight shining on the water.
Medical Breakthroughs In 1896,Edison invented the practical fluoroscope,a machine which included a screen made out of tungstate of calcium on which you view X-rays.Edison refused to take a patent out on his fluoroscope because he wanted to see it in use,helping people,immediately.The fluoroscope enabled surgeons to perform the first x-ray operation in the United States.
The Perseverant Inventor One of Edison's most famous qualities was his perseverance.While working on the nickel/iron storage battery,he performed 10,296 experiments.Throughout his inventing career,Edison followed almost every unsuccessful venture with a successful idea.He stuck to his creed of working on only useful and wanted inventions and changed the world with his drive for success.When Edison died October 18,at his home in West Orange,New Jersey,he left behind a legacy of breakthroughs in technology and science.
譯文：
托馬斯·愛迪生的生活
“天才是1%的靈感和99%的汗水。”
托馬斯·愛迪生
愛迪生是壹個發明家以他的影響力,他的智慧,最重要的是,他的毅力。在他有生之年超過壹千項美國專利被授予他自己的工作或團隊在他的監督下。他的三個inventionsthe留聲機,壹個實際的白熾燈和電氣系統,移動圖片camerahelped發現巨大的產業,改變世界的生活和休閑。在其他領域愛迪生成功地影響超過20個產業包括軍事、醫學領域(與他的螢光屏),股票市場和礦業。下面是壹個簡短的傳記,他最大的成就的時間表。
鼓舞人心的童年。托馬斯·愛迪生,七個孩子中最小的壹個,出生在米蘭,俄亥俄州,2月11日,1847年,塞繆爾和南希·愛迪生。家庭教育和壹個狂熱的讀者,愛迪生開始了他的科學實驗十歲時,他在他的房子的地下室建了壹個實驗室備有化學品他買了或發現鎮上轉儲。愛迪生的早期實驗幾乎停止當他的母親成為累壞氣味和煙霧填滿。
流浪漢報務員。愛迪生事業留下實驗室作為“糖果屠夫”1859年大幹線鐵路,賣糖果、幹果,零食和報紙。三年後,他創造了歷史,他開始發表自己的報紙,每周的先驅,乘坐火車。的第壹份報紙上發表壹個移動的火車,每周的先驅,是印在壹套二手印刷機愛迪生在火車的行李車。1863年,他開始了他的第壹個職業是“流浪漢報務員,”從壹個地方到另壹個地方包括安大略省Cincinatti和納什維爾,提供他的技能作為壹個報務員。最後他停在波士頓,紐約線為西部聯合電報公司工作。
學習實踐。在波士頓,愛迪生開始嘗試以更專業的方式比以往任何時候都要多,首先學習邁克爾Farady電力的著作。他的第壹個專利,1868年是加快的投票記錄,通過電子信息,選票計數的程序集和會議。沒有找到買家對他的第壹個發明之後,他成立了壹個政策從未試圖創造什麽,除非他肯定有壹個商業需求。他的下壹個發明對此做出了理想,華爾街股票,將代理報價更快。
純科學實驗。有兩個值得註意的例外,愛迪生很少涉足除了原則和科學理論的實際應用。1875年,工作時電磁鐵理論和電報,愛迪生發現的壹種電磁之間的量,光和熱。被稱為“以太力量”,這個發現揭示了電磁波的存在,促使1890年無線電的發明。第二次是他發現的“愛迪生效應”,整個電子產品領域的基礎。愛迪生發現閥可以創建壹個電流通過插入金屬板在電燈泡的燈絲。
門洛帕克實驗室。新澤西愛迪生的實驗室門洛帕克成為了首次,原始組織技術研究實驗室,研究”團隊。“發明這項新研究出來的包括油印機、留聲機、燈泡,和許多其他人。
第壹個偉大發明的留聲機,燈泡和電影攝影機壹直被認為是愛迪生最偉大的發明。這些發明的留聲機,第壹個發達後,愛迪生開始提高亞歷山大·格雷厄姆·貝爾的電話。愛迪生認為留聲機(從原來的變化很少設計)是他最偉大的發明。有趣的是,愛迪生的留聲機是唯壹的發明可以聲稱的獨家所有權。
早期的電影產業。其他發明家試驗時的電影攝影機,1891年,愛迪生想出了實用的電影攝影機,或者電影攝影機(“寫作”),和壹個投影儀,電影放映機(“視圖”),以顯示他的電影。第壹個電影制片廠建於1893年,是他在西奧蘭治的囚車,新澤西州。愛迪生曾工作失敗“有聲電影”結合留聲機和相機,離開了電影業務在行業開始遠離他看到教育目的和對娛樂。愛迪生說“很多人似乎不知道為什麽我這樣做(退出電影行業)?也許他們還不知道。但答案很簡單。我是壹個發明家?實驗者。我不是壹個戲劇制作人。和我沒有野心成為壹個。“順便說壹句,電影觀眾不會聽到人的聲音在電影直到1927年與男星艾爾的爵士歌手。
燈泡。愛迪生援引需要幾周的發明燈泡。在現實中,這幾乎將他兩年的失敗的嘗試,新發現和原型之前他會成功。據說他試著超過6000種不同的炭化植物纖維,尋找碳絲燈泡。通過集中和發明壹個整體照明系統而不是壹個燈泡,愛迪生已經在別人失敗的地方獲得了成功。愛迪生選擇看大局,創建了壹個照明系統包括電線、插頭、連接器等。,操作多個燈泡。戰鬥在法院從英國到美國其他發明家,愛迪生掙紮多年的發明者聲稱他的合法的燈泡,可能是他最受歡迎的發明。
戰爭年代軍隊的發明!第壹次世界大戰期間,愛迪生成為海軍咨詢委員會的負責人,和三年他發明幫助美國海軍。在反潛戰術,愛迪生在大西洋戰爭抗擊德國人工作。他的發明包括設備能夠檢測魚雷就被解雇,loud-speaking電話,談話可能進行的戰鬥,和眩光器使船只看到潛望鏡和明亮的陽光照耀在水面上。
醫學突破1896年,愛迪生發明了實用的螢光屏,壹臺機器包括屏幕的鎢酸鈣,查看x射線。愛迪生拒絕接受壹個專利在他的螢光屏,因為他想看到它在使用,幫助人們,立即。熒光鏡使外科醫生執行第壹個x射線操作在美國。
鍥而不舍的發明家愛迪生最著名的品質之壹是他的毅力。鎳/鐵蓄電池工作時,他於10296年執行實驗。愛迪生在發明生涯,之後幾乎所有的失敗的風險,壹個成功的想法。他堅持他的信仰只工作有用的,想要的發明,改變了世界追求成功的動力。當愛迪生10月18日去世時,在西奧蘭治的家中,新澤西,他留下的遺產突破技術和科學，
很辛苦的，望采納